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<title>Chakra (JavaScript engine)</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chakra (JavaScript engine)</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the JavaScript engine used in Microsoft Edge Legacy. For the engine of Internet Explorer, see <a href="Chakra_(JScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JScript engine)">Chakra (JScript engine)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="Chakra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chakra (disambiguation)">Chakra (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Chakra</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.11.24
/ December 8, 2020<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2020-12-08</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/chakra-core/ChakraCore">github<wbr>.com<wbr>/chakra-core<wbr>/ChakraCore</a></span> </li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>, <a href="ARM64" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM64">ARM64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/chakra-core/ChakraCore">github<wbr>.com<wbr>/chakra-core<wbr>/ChakraCore</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Chakra</b> was a <a href="Free_and_open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source">free and open-source</a> <a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a> developed by <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> for its <a href="Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Microsoft Edge Legacy</a> <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. It is a <a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> of the <a href="Chakra_(JScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JScript engine)">same-named JScript engine</a> used in <a href="Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>. Like the <a href="EdgeHTML" title="EdgeHTML">EdgeHTML</a> <a href="Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">browser engine</a>, the declared intention was that it would reflect the "Living Web".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core components of <i>Chakra</i> were open-sourced as <b>ChakraCore</b>. In 2021, Microsoft terminated support for the engine, citing its transition to a <a href="Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> based engine for <a href="Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a>. Support has been transferred to the community, where it remains inactive.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_support">Standards support</h2></div>
<p>Chakra supports <a href="ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> 5.1 with partial support for <a href="ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_sourcing">Open sourcing</h2></div>
<p>Following an initial announcement on December 5, 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChakraCoreopensourced_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChakraCoreopensourced-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft open sourced the Chakra engine as ChakraCore, including all the key components of the JavaScript engine powering Microsoft Edge [Legacy] on their GitHub page under the <a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> on January 13, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-ChakraCoreopensourced_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChakraCoreopensourced-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ChakraCore is essentially the same as the Chakra engine that powers the <a href="Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Microsoft Edge Legacy</a> browser, but with platform-agnostic bindings, i.e., without the specific interfaces utilized within the <a href="Universal_Windows_Platform_apps" title="Universal Windows Platform apps">Universal Windows App</a> platform.
</p><p>Microsoft has also created a project on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> that allows <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> to use ChakraCore as its JavaScript engine instead of <a href="V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/microsoft/ChakraCore/releases">"Releases · microsoft/ChakraCore · GitHub"</a>. <i>GitHub ChakraCore repository</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-28</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn903710(v=vs.94).aspx">"Targeting Edge vs. Legacy Engines in JsRT APIs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/chakra-core/org/blob/master/Release%201.12%20plan.md">"org/Release 1.12 plan.md at master · chakra-core/org"</a>. <i>GitHub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-17</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.modern.ie/platform/status//?filter=f0100001c&search=es6">"Microsoft Edge Platform Status"</a>. Microsoft.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/12/05/open-source-chakra-core/">"Microsoft Edge's JavaScript engine to go open-source"</a>. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 2015-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ChakraCoreopensourced-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChakraCoreopensourced_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChakraCoreopensourced_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-open-sources-its-edge-web-browser-javascript-engine-and-plans-to-port-it-to-linux/">Microsoft open sources Edge web browser's JavaScript engine, plans port to Linux</a> on <a href="Zdnet.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Zdnet.com">zdnet.com</a> by Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (on January 13, 2016)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/ChakraCore">ChakraCore</a> on <a href="Github.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Github.com">github.com</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/node">Node.js enabled for ChakraCore</a> on github.com</span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/microsoft/ChakraCore">ChakraCore</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul>
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</style><div id="ECMAScript584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a>
<ul><li><a href="Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja</a></li>
<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>
<ul><li><a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">engines</a></li>
<li><a href="Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li>
<li><a href="JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li>
<li><a href="QtScript" title="QtScript">QtScript</a></li>
<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>
<li><a href="WMLScript" title="WMLScript">WMLScript</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_JavaScript_engines" title="List of JavaScript engines">Engines</a><br>(list)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Presto_(browser_engine)#ECMAScript_engines" title="Presto (browser engine)">Carakan</a></li>
<li><a href="Presto_(browser_engine)#ECMAScript_engines" title="Presto (browser engine)">Futhark</a></li>
<li>InScript</li>
<li><a href="WebKit#JavaScriptCore" title="WebKit">JavaScriptCore</a></li>
<li><a href="JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li>
<li><a href="KJS_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="KJS (software)">KJS</a></li>
<li><a href="Presto_(browser_engine)#ECMAScript_engines" title="Presto (browser engine)">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="QtScript" title="QtScript">QtScript</a></li>
<li><a href="Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a></li>
<li><a href="SpiderMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">SpiderMonkey</a>
<ul><li><a href="SpiderMonkey#TraceMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">TraceMonkey</a></li>
<li><a href="SpiderMonkey#JägerMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">JägerMonkey</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tamarin_(software)" title="Tamarin (software)">Tamarin</a></li>
<li><a href="V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a></li>
<li>
<ul><li><a href="Chakra_(JScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JScript engine)">Chakra</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li>
<li><a href="Nashorn_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Nashorn (JavaScript engine)">Nashorn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Client-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side JavaScript">Client-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Dojo_Toolkit" title="Dojo Toolkit">Dojo</a></li>
<li><a href="Echo_(framework)" title="Echo (framework)">Echo</a></li>
<li><a href="Ext_JS" title="Ext JS">Ext JS</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li>
<li><a href="JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a></li>
<li><a href="Lively_Kernel" title="Lively Kernel">Lively Kernel</a></li>
<li>midori</li>
<li><a href="MochiKit" title="MochiKit">MochiKit</a></li>
<li><a href="MooTools" title="MooTools">MooTools</a></li>
<li><a href="Prototype_JavaScript_Framework" title="Prototype JavaScript Framework">Prototype</a></li>
<li><a href="Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a></li>
<li><a href="Qooxdoo" title="Qooxdoo">qooxdoo</a></li>
<li><a href="SproutCore" title="SproutCore">SproutCore</a></li>
<li><a href="Spry_framework" title="Spry framework">Spry</a></li>
<li>Wakanda Framework</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li>
<li><a href="Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a></li>
<li><a href="Bun_(software)" title="Bun (software)">Bun</a></li>
<li><a href="Jaxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxer">Jaxer</a></li>
<li><a href="AppJet" title="AppJet">AppJet</a></li>
<li>WakandaDB</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Cappuccino</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Backbone.js" title="Backbone.js">Backbone.js</a></li>
<li><a href="SWFObject" title="SWFObject">SWFObject</a></li>
<li><a href="Underscore.js" title="Underscore.js">Underscore.js</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>
<li><a href="Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li>
<li>Scott Isaacs</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li>
<li><a href="Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a></li>
<li><a href="JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li>
<li><a href="JSGI" title="JSGI">JSGI</a></li>
<li><a href="JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li>
<li><a href="JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li>
<li><a href="JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li>
<li><a href="JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li>
<li><a href="Sputnik_(JavaScript_conformance_test)" title="Sputnik (JavaScript conformance test)">Sputnik</a></li>
<li><a href="Browser_speed_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser speed test">SunSpider</a></li>
<li><a href="Asynchronous_module_definition" title="Asynchronous module definition">Asynchronous module definition</a></li>
<li><a href="CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <b>Lists</b>: <a href="List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">JavaScript libraries</a> • <a href="List_of_Ajax_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of Ajax frameworks">Ajax frameworks</a> • <a href="List_of_server-side_JavaScript_implementations" title="List of server-side JavaScript implementations">Server-side JavaScript</a><br><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <b>Comparison</b>: <a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">JavaScript web frameworks</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Corporation379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microsoft_Corporation379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_Microsoft" title="History of Microsoft">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Outline_of_Microsoft" title="Outline of Microsoft">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (Chairman and CEO)</li>
<li><a href="Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a></li>
<li>Hugh Johnston</li>
<li>Teri List</li>
<li><a href="Catherine_MacGregor" title="Catherine MacGregor">Catherine MacGregor</a></li>
<li><a href="Mark_Mason_(executive)" title="Mark Mason (executive)">Mark Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="Sandi_Peterson" title="Sandi Peterson">Sandi Peterson</a></li>
<li><a href="Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a></li>
<li><a href="Carlos_A._Rodriguez" title="Carlos A. Rodriguez">Carlos A. Rodriguez</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Scharf" title="Charles Scharf">Charles Scharf</a></li>
<li><a href="John_W._Stanton" title="John W. Stanton">John W. Stanton</a></li>
<li><a href="Emma_Walmsley" title="Emma Walmsley">Emma Walmsley</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senior leadership team</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (CEO)</li>
<li>Takeshi Numoto (CMO)</li>
<li><a href="Scott_Guthrie" title="Scott Guthrie">Scott Guthrie</a></li>
<li><a href="Carolina_Dybeck_Happe" title="Carolina Dybeck Happe">Carolina Dybeck Happe</a> (COO)</li>
<li><a href="Amy_Hood" title="Amy Hood">Amy Hood</a> (CFO)</li>
<li><a href="Kevin_Scott_(computer_scientist)" title="Kevin Scott (computer scientist)">Kevin Scott</a> (CTO)</li>
<li><a href="Brad_Smith_(American_lawyer)" title="Brad Smith (American lawyer)">Brad Smith</a> (CLO)</li>
<li><a href="Harry_Shum" title="Harry Shum">Harry Shum</a></li>
<li><a href="Phil_Spencer_(business_executive)" title="Phil Spencer (business executive)">Phil Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="Kathleen_Hogan" title="Kathleen Hogan">Kathleen Hogan</a> (CPO)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate VPs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Joe_Belfiore" title="Joe Belfiore">Joe Belfiore</a></li>
<li><a href="Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a> (SVP)</li>
<li><a href="C%C3%A9sar_Cernuda" title="César Cernuda">César Cernuda</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employee groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Global_LGBTQIA%2B_Employee_%26_Allies_at_Microsoft" title="Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft">Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_and_unions" title="Microsoft and unions">Microsoft and unions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_hardware" title="Microsoft hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Azure_Kinect" title="Azure Kinect">Azure Kinect</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">HoloLens</a></li>
<li><a href="LifeCam" title="LifeCam">LifeCam</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Surface</a>
<ul><li><a href="Surface_Duo" title="Surface Duo">Duo</a></li>
<li><a href="Surface_Go" title="Surface Go">Go</a></li>
<li><a href="Surface_Hub" title="Surface Hub">Hub</a></li>
<li><a href="Surface_Laptop" title="Surface Laptop">Laptop</a></li>
<li><a href="Surface_Laptop_Go" title="Surface Laptop Go">Laptop Go</a></li>
<li><a href="Surface_Neo" title="Surface Neo">Neo</a></li>
<li><a href="Surface_Pro" title="Surface Pro">Pro</a></li>
<li><a href="Surface_Studio" title="Surface Studio">Studio</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Microsoft_software" title="List of Microsoft software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Dynamics_365" title="Microsoft Dynamics 365">Dynamics 365</a></li>
<li><a href="Havok_(software)" title="Havok (software)">Havok</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a>
<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Office</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Open source software</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Power_Platform" title="Microsoft Power Platform">Power Platform</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Servers" title="Microsoft Servers">Servers</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li>
<li><a href="Tay_(chatbot)" title="Tay (chatbot)">Tay</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Microsoft_video_games" title="List of Microsoft video games">List of video games</a></li>
<li><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li>
<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="Xbox_system_software" title="Xbox system software">Xbox OS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>
<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">VB.NET</a></li>
<li><a href="Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a></li>
<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li>
<li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>
<li><a href="C/AL" title="C/AL">C/AL a.k.a. Navision Attain</a></li>
<li><a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language" title="Microsoft Visual Programming Language">MVPL</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>
<li><a href="Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li>
<li><a href="Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Transact-SQL</a></li>
<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">Visual J++</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">Visual J#</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Web properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li>
<li><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Learn</a>
<ul><li><a href="Channel_9_(Microsoft)" title="Channel 9 (Microsoft)">Channel 9</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Developer Network</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>
<ul><li><a href="LinkedIn_Learning" title="LinkedIn Learning">LinkedIn Learning</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a></li>
<li><a href="Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Translator</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Build" title="Microsoft Build">Build</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Ignite" title="Microsoft Ignite">Ignite</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Inspire" title="Microsoft Inspire">Inspire</a></li>
<li><a href="MIX_(Microsoft)" title="MIX (Microsoft)">MIX</a></li>
<li><a href="Professional_Developers_Conference" title="Professional Developers Conference">PDC</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Hardware_Engineering_Conference" title="Windows Hardware Engineering Conference">WinHEC</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href=".NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Digital_Crimes_Unit" title="Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit">Digital Crimes Unit</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_engineering_groups" title="Microsoft engineering groups">Engineering groups</a>
<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Mobile</a></li>
<li><a href="Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype unit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Gaming" title="Microsoft Gaming">Gaming</a>
<ul><li><a href="Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a></li>
<li><a href="Xbox_Game_Studios" title="Xbox Game Studios">Xbox Game Studios</a></li>
<li><a href="ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Garage" title="Microsoft Garage">Garage</a></li>
<li><a href="Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Press</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Research</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Store_(retail)" title="Microsoft Store (retail)">Retail stores</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Estates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_campus" title="Microsoft campus">Microsoft campus</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_India" title="Microsoft India">Microsoft India</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Japan" title="Microsoft Japan">Microsoft Japan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="Where_do_you_want_to_go_today%3F" title="Where do you want to go today?">Where do you want to go today?</a>" (1994)</li>
<li>"<a href="Champagne_(advertisement)" title="Champagne (advertisement)">Champagne</a>" (2002)</li>
<li>"<a href="Mojave_Experiment" title="Mojave Experiment">Mojave Experiment</a>" (2006)</li>
<li>"<a href="I'm_a_PC" title="I'm a PC">I'm a PC</a>" (2008)</li>
<li>"<a href="Scroogled" title="Scroogled">Scroogled</a>" (2012)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Criticism_of_Microsoft" title="Criticism of Microsoft">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bundling_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Bundling of Microsoft Windows">Bundling of Microsoft Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Clippy</a></li>
<li><a href="ILoo#Reaction" title="ILoo">iLoo</a></li>
<li><a href="Internet_Explorer#Security_vulnerabilities" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Bob" title="Microsoft Bob">Microsoft Bob</a></li>
<li><a href="NSAKEY" title="NSAKEY">_NSAKEY</a></li>
<li><a href="Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>
<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li>
<li><a href="Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li>
<li><a href="Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_litigation" title="Microsoft litigation">Litigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Apple_Computer%2C_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">Apple v. Microsoft</a></i> (1994)</li>
<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="United States v. Microsoft Corp.">United States v. Microsoft</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Corp._v._Lindows.com%2C_Inc." title="Microsoft Corp. v. Lindows.com, Inc.">Microsoft v. Lindows</a></i> (2004)</li>
<li><i><a href="Microsoft_v._MikeRoweSoft" title="Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft">Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft</a></i> (2004)</li>
<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Corp._v._Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Commission">Microsoft v. Commission</a></i> (2007)</li>
<li><i><a href="Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft Corp.">Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft</a></i> (2009)</li>
<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Corp._v._Shah" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Shah">Microsoft v. Shah</a></i> (2011)</li>
<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Corp._v._United_States" title="Microsoft Corp. v. United States">Microsoft v. United States</a></i> (2018)</li>
<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Microsoft" title="FTC v. Microsoft">FTC v. Microsoft</a></i> (2022)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Wunderlist" title="Wunderlist">6Wunderkinder</a></li>
<li><a href="Access_Software" title="Access Software">Access Software</a></li>
<li><a href="Acompli" title="Acompli">Acompli</a></li>
<li><a href="Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a>
<ul><li><a href="Acquisition_of_Activision_Blizzard_by_Microsoft" title="Acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft">acquisition</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Altamira_Software" title="Altamira Software">Altamira Software</a></li>
<li><a href="AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li>
<li><a href="AQuantive" title="AQuantive">aQuantive</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Amalga" title="Microsoft Amalga">Azyxxi</a></li>
<li><a href="Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Beam</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Blue_Ribbon_SoundWorks" title="The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks">The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks</a></li>
<li><a href="Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a></li>
<li><a href="Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li>
<li><a href="Colloquis" title="Colloquis">Colloquis</a></li>
<li><a href="Compulsion_Games" title="Compulsion Games">Compulsion Games</a></li>
<li><a href="Connectix" title="Connectix">Connectix</a></li>
<li><a href="Consumers_Software" title="Consumers Software">Consumers Software</a></li>
<li><a href="Danger%2C_Inc." title="Danger, Inc.">Danger</a></li>
<li><a href="Double_Fine" title="Double Fine">Double Fine</a></li>
<li><a href="Farecast" title="Farecast">Farecast</a></li>
<li><a href="FASA_Studio" title="FASA Studio">FASA Studio</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Development_Center_Norway" title="Microsoft Development Center Norway">Fast Search & Transfer</a></li>
<li><a href="Firefly_(website)" title="Firefly (website)">Firefly</a></li>
<li><a href="Forethought%2C_Inc." title="Forethought, Inc.">Forethought</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">GIANT Company Software</a></li>
<li><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li>
<li><a href="Great_Plains_Software" title="Great Plains Software">Great Plains Software</a></li>
<li><a href="GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li>
<li><a href="Groove_Networks" title="Groove Networks">Groove Networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Havok_(company)" title="Havok (company)">Havok Group</a></li>
<li><i><a href="High_Heat_Major_League_Baseball" title="High Heat Major League Baseball">High Heat Major League Baseball</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Hotmail</a></li>
<li><a href="InXile_Entertainment" title="InXile Entertainment">inXile Entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="Jellyfish.com" title="Jellyfish.com">Jellyfish.com</a></li>
<li><a href="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li>
<li><a href="LinkExchange" title="LinkExchange">LinkExchange</a></li>
<li><a href="Lionhead_Studios" title="Lionhead Studios">Lionhead Studios</a></li>
<li><a href="Maluuba" title="Maluuba">Maluuba</a></li>
<li><a href="Massive_Incorporated" title="Massive Incorporated">Massive Incorporated</a></li>
<li><a href="Metaswitch" title="Metaswitch">Metaswitch</a></li>
<li><a href="MileIQ" title="MileIQ">Mobile Data Labs</a></li>
<li><a href="Mojang_Studios" title="Mojang Studios">Mojang Studios</a></li>
<li><a href="Ninja_Theory" title="Ninja Theory">Ninja Theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Nokia Devices and Services</a></li>
<li><a href="Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li>
<li><a href="Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Obsidian_Entertainment" title="Obsidian Entertainment">Obsidian Entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Live_Toolbar#Onfolio" title="Windows Live Toolbar">Onfolio</a></li>
<li><a href="Pando_Networks" title="Pando Networks">Pando Networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Perceptive_Pixel" title="Perceptive Pixel">Perceptive Pixel</a></li>
<li><a href="PlaceWare" title="PlaceWare">PlaceWare</a></li>
<li><a href="Playground_Games" title="Playground Games">Playground Games</a></li>
<li><a href="Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a></li>
<li><a href="Press_Play_(company)" title="Press Play (company)">Press Play</a></li>
<li><a href="ProClarity" title="ProClarity">ProClarity</a></li>
<li><a href="Rare_(company)" title="Rare (company)">Rare</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>
<li><a href="RiskIQ" title="RiskIQ">RiskIQ</a></li>
<li><a href="Simplygon" title="Simplygon">Simplygon</a></li>
<li><a href="Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype</a></li>
<li><a href="Sunrise_Calendar" title="Sunrise Calendar">Sunrise Atelier</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_SwiftKey" title="Microsoft SwiftKey">SwiftKey</a></li>
<li><a href="TakeLessons" title="TakeLessons">TakeLessons</a></li>
<li><a href="Teleo" title="Teleo">Teleo</a></li>
<li><a href="Tellme_Networks" title="Tellme Networks">Tellme Networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Twisted_Pixel_Games" title="Twisted Pixel Games">Twisted Pixel Games</a></li>
<li><a href="Undead_Labs" title="Undead Labs">Undead Labs</a></li>
<li><a href="Vermeer_Technologies" title="Vermeer Technologies">Vermeer Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="Visio_Corporation" title="Visio Corporation">Visio Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="Flux_(graphics_software)" title="Flux (graphics software)">Vivaty</a></li>
<li><a href="VoloMetrix" title="VoloMetrix">VoloMetrix</a></li>
<li><a href="NetShow" title="NetShow">VXtreme</a></li>
<li><a href="MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">WebTV Networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Sysinternals" title="Sysinternals">Winternals Software</a></li>
<li><a href="Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a></li>
<li><a href="Xandr" title="Xandr">Xandr</a>
<ul><li><a href="AppNexus" title="AppNexus">AppNexus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Viva_Engage" title="Viva Engage">Yammer</a></li>
<li><a href="Yupi" title="Yupi">Yupi</a></li>
<li><a href="ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software (FOSS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Microsoft and open source</a></li>
<li><a href="Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li>
<li><a href="Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li>
<li><a href="Conference_XP" title="Conference XP">Conference XP</a></li>
<li><a href="Family.Show" title="Family.Show">Family.Show</a></li>
<li><a href="File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Live_Writer" title="Open Live Writer">Open Live Writer</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Edit">Microsoft Edit</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows Calculator</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li>
<li><a href="WorldWide_Telescope" title="WorldWide Telescope">WorldWide Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="XML_Notepad" title="XML Notepad">XML Notepad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Allegiance_(video_game)" title="Allegiance (video game)">Allegiance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li>
<li><a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>
<li><a href="Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li>
<li><a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li>
<li><a href="F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li>
<li><a href="GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li>
<li><a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>
<li><a href="IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li>
<li><a href="Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li>
<li><a href="P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li>
<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li>
<li><a href="Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic Online</a></li>
<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>
<li><a href="Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks,<br>development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li>
<li><a href=".NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li>
<li><a href=".NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">.NET Gadgeteer</a></li>
<li><a href=".NET_MAUI" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET MAUI">.NET MAUI</a></li>
<li><a href=".NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="AirSim" title="AirSim">AirSim</a></li>
<li><a href="ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li>
<li><a href="ASP.NET_AJAX" title="ASP.NET AJAX">ASP.NET AJAX</a></li>
<li><a href="ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">ASP.NET Core</a></li>
<li><a href="ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">ASP.NET MVC</a></li>
<li><a href="ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">ASP.NET Razor</a></li>
<li><a href="ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">ASP.NET Web Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li>
<li><a href="Babylon.js" title="Babylon.js">Babylon.js</a></li>
<li><a href="BitFunnel" title="BitFunnel">BitFunnel</a></li>
<li><a href="Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a></li>
<li><a href="C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li>
<li><a href="Confidential_Consortium_Framework" title="Confidential Consortium Framework">CCF</a></li>
<li><a href="CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li>
<li><a href="Dapr" title="Dapr">Dapr</a></li>
<li><a href="DeepSpeed" title="DeepSpeed">DeepSpeed</a></li>
<li><a href="DiskSpd" title="DiskSpd">DiskSpd</a></li>
<li><a href="Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li>
<li><a href="EBPF_on_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPF on Windows">eBPF on Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a></li>
<li><a href="Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="Fluent_Design_System" title="Fluent Design System">Fluent Design System</a></li>
<li><a href="Fluid_Framework" title="Fluid Framework">Fluid Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="Infer.NET" title="Infer.NET">Infer.NET</a></li>
<li><a href="LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a></li>
<li><a href="Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Automatic_Graph_Layout" title="Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout">Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft C++ Standard Library">Microsoft C++ Standard Library</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a></li>
<li><a href="Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Microsoft Design Language</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Microsoft Detours</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Microsoft Enterprise Library</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_SEAL" title="Microsoft SEAL">Microsoft SEAL</a></li>
<li><a href="Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li>
<li><a href="Mixed_Reality_Toolkit" title="Mixed Reality Toolkit">Mixed Reality Toolkit</a></li>
<li><a href="ML.NET" title="ML.NET">ML.NET</a></li>
<li><a href="Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li>
<li><a href="Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li>
<li><a href="MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li>
<li><a href="MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li>
<li><a href="MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a></li>
<li><a href="Neural_Network_Intelligence" title="Neural Network Intelligence">Neural Network Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li>
<li><a href="NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li>
<li><a href="OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Management_Infrastructure" title="Open Management Infrastructure">Open Management Infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Neural_Network_Exchange" title="Open Neural Network Exchange">Open Neural Network Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Service_Mesh" title="Open Service Mesh">Open Service Mesh</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_XML_SDK" class="mw-redirect" title="Open XML SDK">Open XML SDK</a></li>
<li><a href="Orleans_(software_framework)" title="Orleans (software framework)">Orleans</a></li>
<li><a href="Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li>
<li><a href="ProcDump" title="ProcDump">ProcDump</a></li>
<li><a href="Process_Monitor" title="Process Monitor">ProcMon</a></li>
<li><a href="Python_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="Python Tools for Visual Studio">Python Tools for Visual Studio</a></li>
<li><a href="R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a></li>
<li><a href="RecursiveExtractor" class="mw-redirect" title="RecursiveExtractor">RecursiveExtractor</a></li>
<li><a href="Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li>
<li><a href="Sandcastle_(software)" title="Sandcastle (software)">Sandcastle</a></li>
<li><a href="SignalR" title="SignalR">SignalR</a></li>
<li><a href="StyleCop" title="StyleCop">StyleCop</a></li>
<li><a href="SVNBridge" title="SVNBridge">SVNBridge</a></li>
<li><a href="T2_Temporal_Prover" title="T2 Temporal Prover">T2 Temporal Prover</a></li>
<li><a href="Text_Template_Transformation_Toolkit" title="Text Template Transformation Toolkit">Text Template Transformation Toolkit</a></li>
<li><a href="TLA%2B_Toolbox" class="mw-redirect" title="TLA+ Toolbox">TLA+ Toolbox</a></li>
<li><a href="U-Prove" title="U-Prove">U-Prove</a></li>
<li><a href="Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_File_System_for_Git" title="Virtual File System for Git">Virtual File System for Git</a></li>
<li><a href="Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a></li>
<li><a href="VoTT" title="VoTT">VoTT</a></li>
<li><a href="Vowpal_Wabbit" title="Vowpal Wabbit">Vowpal Wabbit</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">Windows Driver Frameworks</a>
<ul><li><a href="Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li>
<li><a href="User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">Windows UI Library</a></li>
<li><a href="WinJS" title="WinJS">WinJS</a></li>
<li><a href="WinObjC" class="mw-redirect" title="WinObjC">WinObjC</a></li>
<li><a href="WiX" title="WiX">WiX</a></li>
<li><a href="XDP_for_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="XDP for Windows">XDP for Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="XSP_(software)" title="XSP (software)">XSP</a></li>
<li><a href="XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li>
<li><a href="Z3_Theorem_Prover" title="Z3 Theorem Prover">Z3 Theorem Prover</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> (v1.25, v2.0 & v4.0)</li>
<li><a href="Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li>
<li><a href="SONiC_(operating_system)" title="SONiC (operating system)">SONiC</a></li>
<li><a href="Azure_Linux" title="Azure Linux">Azure Linux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li>
<li><a href="Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="FlexWiki" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexWiki">FlexWiki</a></li>
<li><a href="FourQ" title="FourQ">FourQ</a></li>
<li><a href="Gollum_(software)" title="Gollum (software)">Gollum</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Mu" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Mu">Project Mu</a></li>
<li><a href="ReactiveX" title="ReactiveX">ReactiveX</a></li>
<li><a href="SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li>
<li><a href="TLAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TLAPS">TLAPS</a></li>
<li><a href="TPM_2.0_Reference_Implementation" class="mw-redirect" title="TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation">TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation</a></li>
<li><a href="WikiBhasha" title="WikiBhasha">WikiBhasha</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Public License">Microsoft Public License</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Reciprocal_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Reciprocal License">Microsoft Reciprocal License</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Forge_(software)" title="Forge (software)">Forges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a></li>
<li><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href=".NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="F_Sharp_Software_Foundation" title="F Sharp Software Foundation">F# Software Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Source_Security_Foundation" title="Open Source Security Foundation">Open Source Security Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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